Introduction
Mumps is a viral infection that primarily affects saliva-producing (salivary) glands that are located near the ears. Mumps can cause swelling in one or both of these glands. Mumps was very common until mumps vaccination became routine. Since then, the number of cases has dropped dramatically. However, mumps outbreaks still occur, and the number of cases has crept up in recent years. These outbreaks generally affect people who aren’t vaccinated, and occur in close-contact settings such as schools or college campuses.
Complications of mumps, such as hearing loss, are potentially serious but rare. There’s no specific treatment for mumps.
Signs & symptoms
There may be mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. When signs and symptoms do develop, they usually appear about two to three weeks after exposure to the virus.
The primary sign of mumps is swollen salivary glands that cause the cheeks to puff out. Other signs and symptoms may include:
- Pain in the swollen salivary glands on one or both sides of the face
- Pain while chewing or swallowing
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Weakness and fatigue
- Loss of appetite
Mumps is highly contagious for about nine days after symptoms appear.
Causes
Mumps is caused by a virus called a paramyxovirus, from Rubulavirus genus, that spreads easily from person to person through infected saliva. It can be spread by breathing in saliva droplets from an infected person who has just sneezed or coughed. It can also be contracted from sharing utensils or cups with someone who has mumps.
Pathophysiology
Mumps is caused by a virus called a paramyxovirus, from Rubulavirus genus. It is transmitted by droplet spread or by direct contact. The primary site of viral replication of the epithelium of the upper respiratory or the GI tract or eye. The virus quickly spreads to the local lymphoid tissue and a primary viraemia ensues, whereby the virus spreads to distant sites in the body. The parotid gland is usually involved but so may the CNS, testis or epididymis, pancreas and ovary. A few days after the onset of illness, virus can again be isolated from the blood, indicating that virus multiplication in target organs leads to a secondary viraemia Parotitis is the most frequent presentation, occurring in 95% of those with clinical symptoms. Occasionally, meningitis may precede parotitis by a week. Virus is excreted in the urine in infectious form during the 2 weeks following the onset of clinical illness. It is not known whether virus actually multiplies in renal tissues or whether the virus is of haematogenous origin. Life-long immunity is the rule after natural infection, but reinfections can occur.
Diagnosis
During mumps infection, several non-specific findings may be present in the blood. The WBC may be low with lymphocytes predominating. ESR and CRP may be normal or slightly elevated. Amylase levels may be elevated.
- Serology –a serological diagnosis is usually made by finding a significant increase in Ab titres in 2 serum samples taken 10 – 14 days apart. In some cases, the detection of IgM may be used to diagnosis acute infection. Although only 1 serotype of mumps exist, cross-reactions between mumps virus and paramyxovirus makes serological results difficult to interpret on occasions. Several techniques are available:
- CFT – Complement Fixation Test
- HAIT – Haem Agglutination Inhibition Test
- Neutralization test
- SRH – Single Radial Haemolysis
- Solid phase ELISA or RIA
- Virus Isolation
Treatments
Uncomplicated parotitis does not need any treatment. Some doctors suggest a short course of corticosteroids in severe cases.
No specific treatment is available for mumps. There is only prevention with vaccination. The mumps vaccine is usually given as a combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) inoculation.
Prognosis
Most children recover fully from a mumps infection within a few weeks. When mumps occurs among adults, the illness is more likely to be severe.
Complications
Complications of mumps are rare, but when occurred, can be fatal.
Most of them involve inflammation and swelling in some part of the body, such as:
- This condition, known as orchitis, causes one or both testicles to swell in males who’ve reached puberty. Orchitis is painful, but it rarely leads to the inability to father a child (sterility).
- Viral infections such as mumps can lead to inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). Encephalitis can cause neurological problems and become life-threatening.
- Membranes and fluid around the brain and spinal cord.This condition, known as meningitis, can occur if the mumps virus spreads through the bloodstream to infect the central nervous system.
- The signs and symptoms of this condition, known as pancreatitis, include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting.
Other complications of mumps include:
- Hearing loss.Hearing loss can occur in one or both ears. Although rare, the hearing loss is sometimes permanent.
- Contracting mumps while pregnant, especially early in the pregnancy, may lead to miscarriage.
- Arthralgia-arthralgia affecting a large joint may develop 2 weeks after parotitis. They are more frequent in young male adults.
- Myocarditis –this can usually only be found on ECG examination in 10 – 15% of patients. Rarely, congestive heart failure and deaths have been reported.
- Transient Renal Dysfunction –this is a frequent complication of clinical mumps. Cases of symptomatic nephritis following mumps are unusual.
- Insulin Dependent Diabetes –there is some epidemiological evidence to suggest that mumps may be a triggering mechanism for IDDM. It is thought that immunological mechanisms may be involved and certain HLA-D haplotypes are particularly susceptible.
- Thyroiditis –there is evidence for a role of mumps virus in the causation of subacute thyroiditis. However, the evidence is not strong.
Disease & Ayurveda
Pashanagardabha
Nidana
Not separately mentioned but causative factors for the vitiation of kapha and vaata
Purvaaroopa
Not mentioned
Samprapti
Due to the causative factors, Kapha and Vaata gets vitiated and get lodged in the hanusandhi(near jaw), there forms a hard swelling with mild pain or without pain.
Lakshana
A hard swelling near the jaw bone with mild pain or without pain.
Divisions
Not mentioned
Prognosis
Sadhyam
Chikithsa
Samana
Lepanam with Rookshana dravyas like rasnadi choorna
Kabalagraha/gandoosha with thriphalakwatha
Swedanam with rookshadhooma(haridra,daruharidra,guggulu etc.)
Sodhana
Panchakarma procedures are not done in the infectious condition. It is done only after the fever is subsided and swelling is lessened.
Vamana
Virechana
Nasya
Commonly used medicines
Guggulupanchapalachoornam Tablet
Kanchanaraguggulu
Dasamoolakadutrayam kashayam
Rasnadi choornam
Brands available
AVS Kottakal
AVP Coimbatore
SNA oushadhasala
Vaidyaratnam oushadhasala
Home remedies
Liquid warm diet
Applying turmeric paste
Lose excess weight and shred off the excess fat
Avoid intake of fat in food
Take enough omega 3 fatty acids
Diet
- To be avoided
Heavy meals and difficult to digest foods – cause indigestion.
Junk foods- cause disturbance in digestion and reduces the bioavailability of the medicine
Carbonated drinks – makes the stomach more acidic and disturbed digestion
Refrigerated and frozen foods – causes weak and sluggish digestion by weakening Agni (digestive fire)
Milk and milk products – increase kapha, cause obstruction in channels and obesity
Curd – causes vidaaha and thereby many other diseases
- To be added
Warm liquids, soups
Light meals and easily digestible foods
Green gram, barley, gooseberry, honey
Freshly cooked and warm food processed with cumin seeds, ginger, black pepper, ajwain etc
Behaviour:
Protect yourself from cold climate.
Better to avoid exposure to excessive sunlight wind rain or dust.
Maintain a regular food and sleep schedule.
Avoid holding or forcing the urges like urine, faeces, cough, sneeze etc.
Avoid sedentary lifestyle.
Yoga
Complete rest is advised during fever and swelling. After the acute inflammatory stage, regular stretching and mild cardio exercises are advised. Also, specific yogacharya including naadisuddhi pranayama, bhujangaasana, pavanamuktasana is recommended.
Regular exercise helps improve bioavailability of the medicine and food ingested and leads to positive health.
Yoga can maintain harmony within the body and with the surrounding system.
Pavanamuktasana
Nadisudhi pranayama
Bhujangasana
Simple exercises for lungs and heart health
All the exercises and physical exertions must be decided and done under the supervision of a medical expert only.
Research articles
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4268314/
Author information
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